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Tāhūrangi is the new online curriculum hub for Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga | Ministry of Education.
The National Curriculum is composed of The New Zealand Curriculum and Te Marautanga o Aotearoa which set the direction for student learning and provide guidance for schools as they design and review their curriculum.
Although both come from different perspectives, each start with a vision of young people developing the competencies they need for study, work, and lifelong learning, so they may go on to realise their potential.
The New Zealand Curriculum is being refreshed, and Te Marautanga o Aotearoa redesigned. The mathematics, English, te reo Māori and Pāngarau learning areas in each curriculum will need to be implemented in 2025. The remaining learning areas will need to be implemented in 2027. School boards have new legislative requirements that came into effect on 1 January 2023. The Ministry of Education has provided guidance to help you manage the transition period until the new curricula are in place.
From the start of Term 1, 2024 school boards must ensure their school's teaching and learning programmes meet requirements for structuring teaching time for reading, writing and maths in Years 0 - 8. Specialist schools with students in Years 0 - 8 must ensure this from the start of 2025. Kura with a specified kura board must ensure this from Term 3, 2024.
See Gazette Notice 2023-go5904.
The Foundation Curriculum Policy Statement and addition to the National Curriculum Statements can be downloaded below.
NZC transitional statements for boards 2023 Dec update (Word 2007, 28 KB)
The Legislative Framework and NZC 2024 (PDF, 1 MB)
The Legislative Framework and TMoA 2023 Dec update (PDF, 1 MB)
Also, see Ministry of Education – What boards do
From 2023, Aotearoa New Zealand’s histories and Te Takanga o Te Wā will be taught in all schools and kura.
Aotearoa New Zealand’s histories final content and resources can be found at Aotearoa New Zealand's histories.
Please note the revised Technology learning area and the NZC achievement objectives by level are provided separately.
The New Zealand Curriculum (PDF, 9 MB)
Revised Technology learning area (PDF, 297 KB)
Curriculum achievement objectives by level (PDF, 597 KB)
Curriculum achievement objectives by learning area (PDF, 2 MB)
Curriculum achievement objectives by learning area (Word, 370 KB)
To order print copies of NZC, visit Down the back of the chair (Ministry of Education online catalogue). Use reference number MOE32615 to order.
Te Marautanga o Aotearoa (TMoA) Whakapākehātanga
Te Marautanga o Aotearoa Whakapākehātanga – link to an external site where you can download a PDF of the English translation.
The document identifies how the vision to grow competent and confident learners who are effective communicators in the Māori world links to the learning environment for children in Māori-medium schools.
Tēnā koutou katoa
It is my pleasure to introduce this revision of the New Zealand Curriculum. Like its predecessors, it is the work of many people who are committed to ensuring that our young people have the very best of educational opportunities.
The previous curriculum, implemented from 1992 onwards, was our first outcomes-focused curriculum: a curriculum that sets out what we want students to know and to be able to do. Since it was launched, there has been no slowing of the pace of social change. Our population has become increasingly diverse, technologies are more sophisticated, and the demands of the workplace are more complex. Our education system must respond to these and the other challenges of our times. For this reason, a review of the curriculum was undertaken in the years 2000–02.
Following this review, Cabinet agreed that the national curriculum should be revised. A widely representative reference group oversaw a development process that included trials in schools, collaborative working parties, online discussions, and an inquiry into relevant national and international research. This process led to the publication of The New Zealand Curriculum: Draft for Consultation 2006. The Ministry of Education received more than 10 000 submissions in response. These were collated and analysed and were taken into consideration when the document that you now have in your hands was being written.
The New Zealand Curriculum is a clear statement of what we deem important in education. It takes as its starting point a vision of our young people as lifelong learners who are confident and creative, connected, and actively involved. It includes a clear set of principles on which to base curriculum decision making. It sets out values that are to be encouraged, modelled, and explored. It defines five key competencies that are critical to sustained learning and effective participation in society and that underline the emphasis on lifelong learning.
The New Zealand Curriculum states succinctly what each learning area is about and how its learning is structured. The sets of achievement objectives have been carefully revised by teams of academics and teachers to ensure that they are current, relevant, and well-defined outcomes for students. A new learning area, learning languages, has been added to encourage students to participate more actively in New Zealand’s diverse, multicultural society and in the global community.
My thanks go to all who have contributed to the development of The New Zealand Curriculum: members of the reference group, teachers, principals, school boards, parents, employer representatives, curriculum associations, education sector bodies, academics, and the wider community. You can be proud of the part you have played in creating this sound framework for teaching and learning; a framework designed to ensure that all young New Zealanders are equipped with the knowledge, competencies, and values they will need to be successful citizens in the twenty-first century.
The challenge now is to build on this framework, offering our young people the most effective and engaging teaching possible and supporting them to achieve to the highest of standards.
Nāku noa
Karen Sewell
Secretary for Education
The New Zealand Curriculum is a statement of official policy relating to teaching and learning in English-medium New Zealand schools. Its principal function is to set the direction for student learning and to provide guidance for schools as they design and review their curriculum.
A parallel document, Te Marautanga o Aotearoa, will serve the same function for Māori-medium schools.
Although they come from different perspectives, both start with visions of young people who will develop the competencies they need for study, work, and lifelong learning and go on to realise their potential. Together, the two documents will help schools give effect to the partnership that is at the core of our nation’s founding document, Te Tiriti o Waitangi/the Treaty of Waitangi.
The New Zealand Curriculum applies to all English-medium state schools (including integrated schools) and to all students in those schools, irrespective of their gender, sexuality, ethnicity, belief, ability or disability, social or cultural background, or geographical location. The term “students” is used throughout in this inclusive sense unless the context clearly relates to a particular group.
Schools that also offer Māori-medium programmes may use Te Marautanga o Aotearoa as the basis for such programmes.
This diagram provides links to the various sections of The New Zealand Curriculum.
Select this link to open a text version of this diagram.
Our vision is for young people who will:
The principles set out below embody beliefs about what is important and desirable in school curriculum – nationally and locally. They should underpin all school decision-making.
These principles put students at the centre of teaching and learning. The principles maintain learners should experience a curriculum that engages and challenges them, is forward-looking and inclusive, and affirms New Zealand’s unique identity.
Although similar, the principles and the values have different functions. The principles relate to how curriculum is formalised in a school; they are particularly relevant to the processes of planning, prioritising, and review. The values are part of the everyday curriculum – encouraged, modelled, and explored.
All curriculum should be consistent with these eight statements.
High expectations
The curriculum supports and empowers all students to learn and achieve personal excellence, regardless of their individual circumstances.
Treaty of Waitangi
The curriculum acknowledges the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and the bicultural foundations of Aotearoa New Zealand. All students have the opportunity to acquire knowledge of te reo Māori me ōna tikanga.
Cultural diversity
The curriculum reflects New Zealand’s cultural diversity and values the histories and traditions of all its people.
Inclusion
The curriculum is non-sexist, non-racist, and non-discriminatory; it ensures that students’ identities, languages, abilities, and talents are recognised and affirmed and that their learning needs are addressed.
Learning to learn
The curriculum encourages all students to reflect on their own learning processes and to learn how to learn.
Community engagement
The curriculum has meaning for students, connects with their wider lives, and engages the support of their families, whānau, and communities.
Coherence
The curriculum offers all students a broad education that makes links within and across learning areas, provides for coherent transitions, and opens up pathways to further learning.
Future focus
The curriculum encourages students to look to the future by exploring such significant future-focused issues as sustainability, citizenship, enterprise, and globalisation.
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is important or desirable. They are expressed through the ways in which people think and act.
Every decision relating to curriculum and every interaction that takes place in a school reflects the values of the individuals involved and the collective values of the institution.
By holding and acting on the values on the list below, we can thrive and live together. The list is neither exhaustive nor exclusive.
Students will be encouraged to value:
They will also respect themselves, others, and human rights.
The specific ways in which these values find expression in an individual school will be guided by dialogue between the school and its community. They should be evident in the school’s philosophy, structures, curriculum, classrooms, and relationships.
When the school community has developed strongly held and clearly articulated values, those values are likely to be expressed in everyday actions and interactions within the school.
Through their learning experiences, students will learn about:
Through their learning experiences, students will develop their ability to:
All the values listed above can be expanded into clusters of related values that collectively suggest their fuller meanings. For example, "community and participation for the common good" is associated with values and notions such as peace, citizenship, and manaakitanga.
The New Zealand Curriculum identifies five key competencies:
People use these competencies to live, learn, work, and contribute as active members of their communities. More complex than skills, the competencies draw also on knowledge, attitudes, and values in ways that lead to action. They are not separate or stand-alone. They are the key to learning in every learning area.
The development of the competencies is both an end in itself (a goal) and the means by which other ends are achieved. Successful learners make use of the competencies in combination with all the other resources available to them. These include personal goals, other people, community knowledge and values, cultural tools (language, symbols, and texts), and the knowledge and skills found in different learning areas. As they develop the competencies, successful learners are also motivated to use them, recognising when and how to do so and why.
Opportunities to develop the competencies occur in social contexts. People adopt and adapt practices that they see used and valued by those closest to them, and they make these practices part of their own identity and expertise.
The competencies continue to develop over time, shaped by interactions with people, places, ideas, and things. Students need to be challenged and supported to develop them in contexts that are increasingly wide-ranging and complex.
Thinking is about using creative, critical, and metacognitive processes to make sense of information, experiences, and ideas. These processes can be applied to purposes such as developing understanding, making decisions, shaping actions, or constructing knowledge. Intellectual curiosity is at the heart of this competency.
Students who are competent thinkers and problem-solvers actively seek, use, and create knowledge. They reflect on their own learning, draw on personal knowledge and intuitions, ask questions, and challenge the basis of assumptions and perceptions.
Using language, symbols, and texts is about working with and making meaning of the codes in which knowledge is expressed. Languages and symbols are systems for representing and communicating information, experiences, and ideas. People use languages and symbols to produce texts of all kinds:
Students who are competent users of language, symbols, and texts can interpret and use words, number, images, movement, metaphor, and technologies in a range of contexts. They recognise how choices of language, symbol, or text affect people’s understanding and the ways in which they respond to communications. They confidently use ICT (including, where appropriate, assistive technologies) to access and provide information and to communicate with others.
This competency is associated with self-motivation, a can-do attitude, and with students seeing themselves as capable learners. It is integral to self-assessment.
Students who manage themselves are enterprising, resourceful, reliable, and resilient. They establish personal goals, make plans, manage projects, and set high standards. They have strategies for meeting challenges. They know when to lead, when to follow, and when and how to act independently.
Relating to others is about interacting effectively with a diverse range of people in a variety of contexts. This competency includes the ability to listen actively, recognise different points of view, negotiate, and share ideas.
Students who relate well to others are open to new learning and able to take different roles in different situations. They are aware of how their words and actions affect others. They know when it is appropriate to compete and when it is appropriate to co-operate. By working effectively together, they can come up with new approaches, ideas, and ways of thinking.
This competency is about being actively involved in communities. Communities include family, whānau, and school and those based, for example, on a common interest or culture. They may be drawn together for purposes such as learning, work, celebration, or recreation. They may be local, national, or global. This competency includes a capacity to contribute appropriately as a group member, to make connections with others, and to create opportunities for others in the group.
Students who participate and contribute in communities have a sense of belonging and the confidence to participate within new contexts. They understand the importance of balancing rights, roles, and responsibilities and of contributing to the quality and sustainability of social, cultural, physical, and economic environments.
Te reo Māori and New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) are official languages of New Zealand (The Māori Language Act 1987 and the New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006). English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in The New Zealand Curriculum.
All three may be studied as first or additional languages. They may also be the medium of instruction across all learning areas.
English – requirements for the teaching of English are outlined in the English learning area section.
Guidelines specific to the learning of te reo Māori and NZSL (published separately) provide detailed information for schools that choose to offer them.
Ko te reo te manawa pou o te Māori,
Ko te ihi te waimanawa o te tangata,
Ko te roimata, ko te hūpē te waiaroha.
Ko tōku nui, tōku wehi, tōku whakatiketike, tōku reo.
Te reo Māori is indigenous to Aotearoa New Zealand. It is a taonga recognised under the Treaty of Waitangi, a primary source of our nation’s self-knowledge and identity, and an official language. By understanding and using te reo Māori, New Zealanders become more aware of the role played by the indigenous language and culture in defining and asserting our point of difference in the wider world.
Ko te reo Māori te kākahu o te whakaaro,
te huarahi i te ao tūroa.
By learning te reo and becoming increasingly familiar with tikanga, Māori students strengthen their identities, while non-Māori journey towards shared cultural understandings. All who learn te reo Māori help to secure its future as a living, dynamic, and rich language. As they learn, they come to appreciate that diversity is a key to unity.
Te reo Māori underpins Māori cultural development and supports Māori social and economic development in Aotearoa New Zealand and internationally. Understanding te reo Māori stretches learners cognitively, enabling them to think in different ways and preparing them for leadership.
By learning te reo Māori, students are able to:
Ko te manu e kai ana i te miro, nōna te ngahere.
Ko te manu e kai ana i te mātauranga, nōna te ao.
Ko te reo te mauri o te mana Māori.
Unique to New Zealand, NZSL is a complete visual-gestural language with its own grammar, vocabulary, and syntax.
Like other signed languages, it uses the hands, the body, and facial expressions (including lip patterns) to express meaning and the eyes to perceive meaning. Like any language, it is capable of communicating an infinite number of ideas.
Face-to-face interaction is particularly important in NZSL because it has no written form. There are, however, notation systems that are used for recording signs on paper.
NZSL is primarily used by members of New Zealand’s deaf community and those affiliated in some way with this community, for example, hearing people who have deaf relatives or people (such as interpreters) who work with deaf people.
For many deaf people, NZSL is essential for effective daily communication and interactions.
New Zealand needs more people who are fluent users of the language and who have an appreciation of deaf culture. By learning NZSL, hearing students are able to communicate with their deaf peers and participate in the deaf community. Skilled communicators may find career opportunities that involve working with Deaf people. As deaf people come to have a wider circle to converse with, our society becomes more inclusive.
Learning NZSL can be a positive and enriching experience for both deaf and hearing people of any age. By learning NZSL, deaf children and hearing children of deaf parents gain a sense of belonging in the deaf community.
For hearing students who wish to learn a second or subsequent language, NZSL may be offered as another option alongside the spoken languages offered by their school. In such cases, schools need to consult with their deaf communities and ensure that, wherever possible, students have access to deaf role models with NZSL as their first language. Learners need to have opportunities for sustained conversations with other users of NZSL, and they need to be exposed to language role models in a variety of situations.
The New Zealand Curriculum specifies eight learning areas: English, the arts, health and physical education, learning languages, mathematics and statistics, science, social sciences, and technology.
The learning associated with each area is part of a broad, general education and lays a foundation for later specialisation. Like the key competencies, this learning is both end and means: valuable in itself and valuable for the pathways it opens to other learning.
While the learning areas are presented as distinct, this should not limit the ways in which schools structure the learning experiences offered to students. All learning should make use of the natural connections that exist between learning areas and that link learning areas to the values and key competencies.
Each learning area has its own language or languages. As students discover how to use them, they find they are able to think in different ways, access new areas of knowledge, and see their world from new perspectives.
For each area, students need specific help from their teachers as they learn:
In addition to such help, students who are new learners of English or coming into an English-medium environment for the first time need explicit and extensive teaching of English vocabulary, word forms, sentence and text structures, and language uses.
As language is central to learning and English is the medium for most learning in the New Zealand Curriculum, the importance of literacy in English cannot be overstated.
In English, students study, use, and enjoy language and literature communicated orally, visually, or in writing.
In the arts, students explore, refine, and communicate ideas as they connect thinking, imagination, senses, and feelings to create works and respond to the works of others.
In health and physical education, students learn about their own well-being, and that of others and society, in health-related and movement contexts.
In learning languages, students learn to communicate in an additional language, develop their capacity to learn further languages, and explore different world views in relation to their own.
In mathematics and statistics, students explore relationships in quantities, space, and data and learn to express these relationships in ways that help them to make sense of the world around them.
In science, students explore how both the natural physical world and science itself work so that they can participate as critical, informed, and responsible citizens in a society in which science plays a significant role.
In the social sciences, students explore how societies work and how they themselves can participate and take action as critical, informed, and responsible citizens.
In technology, students learn to be innovative developers of products and systems and discerning consumers who will make a difference in the world.
While there is no formula that will guarantee learning for every student in every context, there is extensive, well-documented evidence about the kinds of teaching approaches that consistently have a positive impact on student learning. This evidence tells us that students learn best when teachers:
Learning is inseparable from its social and cultural context. Students learn best when they feel accepted, when they enjoy positive relationships with their fellow students and teachers, and when they are able to be active, visible members of the learning community.
Effective teachers foster positive relationships within environments that are caring, inclusive, non-discriminatory, and cohesive. They also build good relationships with the wider school community, working with parents and caregivers as key partners who have unique knowledge of their children and countless opportunities to advance their children’s learning.
Effective teachers attend to the cultural and linguistic diversity of all their students. The classroom culture exists within and alongside many other cultures, including the cultures of the wider school and the local community, the students’ peer culture, and the teacher’s professional culture.
Students learn most effectively when they develop the ability to stand back from the information or ideas that they have engaged with and think about them objectively.
Reflective learners assimilate new learning, relate it to what they already know, adapt it for their own purposes, and translate thought into action. Over time, they develop their creativity, their ability to think critically about information and ideas, and their metacognitive ability (that is, their ability to think about their own thinking).
Teachers encourage such thinking when they design tasks and opportunities that require students to critically evaluate the material they use and consider the purposes for which it was originally created.
Students learn most effectively when they understand what they are learning, why they are learning it, and how they will be able to use their new learning.
Effective teachers stimulate the curiosity of their students, require them to search for relevant information and ideas, and challenge them to use or apply what they discover in new contexts or in new ways. They look for opportunities to involve students directly in decisions relating to their own learning. This encourages them to see what they are doing as relevant and to take greater ownership of their own learning.
Students learn as they engage in shared activities and conversations with other people, including family members and people in the wider community. Teachers encourage this process by cultivating the class as a learning community.
In such a community, everyone, including the teacher, is a learner; learning conversations and learning partnerships are encouraged; and challenge, support, and feedback are always available.
As they engage in reflective discourse with others, students build the language that they need to take their learning further.
Students learn best when they are able to integrate new learning with what they already understand. When teachers deliberately build on what their students know and have experienced, they maximise the use of learning time, anticipate students’ learning needs, and avoid unnecessary duplication of content.
Teachers can help students to make connections across learning areas as well as to home practices and the wider world.
Students learn most effectively when they have time and opportunity to engage with, practise, and transfer new learning.
This means that they need to encounter new learning a number of times and in a variety of different tasks or contexts. It also means that when curriculum coverage and student understanding are in competition, the teacher may decide to cover less but cover it in greater depth.
Appropriate assessment helps the teacher to determine what “sufficient” opportunities mean for an individual student and to sequence students’ learning experiences over time.
Since any teaching strategy works differently in different contexts for different students, effective pedagogy requires that teachers inquire into the impact of their teaching on their students.
Inquiry into the teaching–learning relationship can be visualised as a cyclical process that goes on moment by moment (as teaching takes place), day by day, and over the longer term. In this process, the teacher asks:
What is important (and therefore worth spending time on), given where my students are at?
This focusing inquiry establishes a baseline and a direction. The teacher uses all available information to determine what their students have already learned and what they need to learn next.
What strategies (evidence-based) are most likely to help my students learn this?
In this teaching inquiry, the teacher uses evidence from research and from their own past practice and that of colleagues to plan teaching and learning opportunities aimed at achieving the outcomes prioritised in the focusing inquiry.
What happened as a result of the teaching, and what are the implications for future teaching?
In this learning inquiry, the teacher investigates the success of the teaching in terms of the
prioritised outcomes, using a range of assessment approaches. They do this both while learning activities are in progress and also as longer-term sequences or units of work come to an end. They then analyse and interpret the information to consider what they should do next.
See The school curriculum: design and review for a discussion of purposeful assessment.
Select this link to open a text version of this diagram.
E-learning and pedagogy
Information and communication technology (ICT) has a major impact on the world in which young people live. Similarly, e-learning (that is, learning supported by or facilitated by ICT) has considerable potential to support the teaching approaches outlined in the above section.
For instance, e-learning may:
Schools should explore not only how ICT can supplement traditional ways of teaching but also how it can open up new and different ways of learning.
Curriculum design and review is a continuous, cyclic process.
The process involves making decisions about how to bring the national curriculum to life in a manner that addresses the particular needs, interests, and circumstances of the school and community. The design and review process requires a clear understanding of the intentions of The New Zealand Curriculum and of the values and expectations of the community.
Above all, it clarifies priorities for student learning, the ways in which those priorities will be addressed, and how student progress and the quality of teaching and learning will be assessed.
Curriculum change should build on existing good practice and aim to maximise the use of local resources and opportunities.
Curriculum is designed and interpreted in a three-stage process: as the national curriculum, the school curriculum, and the classroom curriculum.
The national curriculum provides the framework and common direction for schools, regardless of type, size, or location. It gives schools the scope, flexibility, and authority they need to design and shape their curriculum so that teaching and learning is meaningful and beneficial to their particular communities of students.
In turn, the design of each school’s curriculum should allow teachers the scope to make interpretations in response to the particular needs, interests, and talents of individuals and groups of students in their classes.
All New Zealand students should have the opportunity to receive a rich and balanced education that reflects the national curriculum.
The principles should underpin and guide the design, practice, and evaluation of curriculum at every stage.
The values, key competencies, and learning areas provide the basis for teaching and learning across schools and within schools. This learning will contribute to the realisation of a vision of young people who will be confident, connected, actively involved, lifelong learners.
Key considerations:
The New Zealand Curriculum sets the direction for teaching and learning in English-medium New Zealand schools. Note that it is a framework rather than a detailed plan.
This means that while every school curriculum must be clearly aligned with the intent of this document, schools have considerable flexibility when determining the detail. In doing this, they can draw on a wide range of ideas, resources, and models.
Schools are required to base their curriculum on the principles of The New Zealand Curriculum, to encourage and model the values, and to develop the key competencies at all year levels.
In years 1–10, schools are required to provide teaching and learning in English, the arts, health and physical education, mathematics and statistics, science, the social sciences, and technology.
The principles are the foundations of curriculum decision-making. They embody beliefs about the nature of the educational experience and the entitlement of students; they apply equally to all schools and to every aspect of the curriculum. Schools should be able to clearly demonstrate their commitment to the principles and to articulate how they are given affect in teaching and learning.
The New Zealand Curriculum identifies values to be encouraged and modelled and to be explored by students, key competencies that students will develop over time and in a range of settings, and learning areas that describe what they will come to know and do. Schools need to consider how each of these aspects of the curriculum will be promoted and developed in teaching and learning. They can do this in different ways.
Schools may, for example, decide to organise their curriculum around one of these three aspects (values, key competencies, or learning areas) and deliberately weave the other two through their programmes. Alternatively, they may decide to organise their curriculum around central themes, integrating values, key competencies, knowledge, and skills across a number of learning areas. Or they may use another approach or a combination of approaches.
The values, competencies, knowledge, and skills that students will need for addressing real-life situations are rarely confined to one part of the curriculum. Wherever possible, schools should aim to design their curriculum so that learning crosses apparent boundaries.
Values
Every school has a set of values. They are expressed in its philosophy, in the way it is organised, and in interpersonal relationships at every level. Following discussions with their communities, many schools list their values in their charters.
The New Zealand Curriculum identifies a number of values that have widespread community support. These values are to be encouraged and modelled, and they are to be explored by students. Schools need to consider how they can make the values an integral part of their curriculum and how they will monitor the effectiveness of the approach taken.
Key competencies
The key competencies are both end and means. They are a focus for learning – and they enable learning. They are the capabilities that young people need for growing, working, and participating in their communities and society.
The school curriculum should challenge students to use and develop the competencies across the range of learning areas and in increasingly complex and unfamiliar situations. Opportunities for doing this can often be integrated into existing programmes of work.
Use opportunities provided by the ways school environments and events are structured.
There will be times when students can initiate activities themselves. Such activities provide meaningful contexts for learning and self-assessment.
In practice, the key competencies are most often used in combination. When researching an issue of interest, for example, students are likely to need to:
When designing and reviewing their curriculum, schools will need to consider how to encourage and monitor the development of the key competencies.
They will need to clarify their meaning for their students. They will also need to clarify the conditions that will help or hinder the development of the competencies, the extent to which they are being demonstrated, and how the school will evaluate the effectiveness of approaches intended to strengthen them.
With appropriate teacher guidance and feedback, all students should develop strategies for self-monitoring and collaborative evaluation of their performance in relation to suitable criteria. Self-assessments might involve students examining and discussing various kinds of evidence, making judgments about their progress, and setting further goals.
Learning areas
The learning area statements describe the essential nature of each learning area, how it can contribute to a young person’s education, and how it is structured. These statements, rather than the achievement objectives, should be the starting point for developing programmes of learning suited to students’ needs and interests. Schools are then able to select achievement objectives to fit those programmes.
None of the strands in the required learning areas is optional, but in some learning areas, particular strands may be emphasised at different times or in different years. Schools should have a clear rationale for doing this and should ensure that each strand receives due emphasis over the longer term.
Links between learning areas should be explored. This can lead, for example, to units of work or broad programmes designed to:
Future focus
Future-focused issues are a rich source of learning opportunities. They encourage the making of connections across the learning areas, values, and key competencies, and they are relevant to students’ futures.
Such issues include:
The achievement objectives found in The New Zealand Curriculum set out selected learning processes, knowledge, and skills relative to eight levels of learning. These desirable levels of knowledge, understanding, and skills represent progress towards broader outcomes that ultimately amount to deeper learning.
When designing and reviewing their curriculum, schools choose achievement objectives from each area to fit the learning needs of their students.
Some achievement objectives relate to skills or understandings that can be mastered within a particular learning level. Others are more complex and are developed with increasing sophistication across a number of learning levels. The broader and more complex an objective, the more significant it is likely to be for a student’s learning.
It is important for both planning and teaching purposes that schools provide clear statements of learning expectations that apply to particular levels or across a number of levels. These expectations should be stated in ways that help teachers, students, and parents to recognise, measure, discuss, and chart progress.
A school’s curriculum is likely to be well designed when:
Curriculum design and practice should begin with the premise that all students can learn and succeed (see the high expectations principle) and should recognise that, as all students are individuals, their learning may call for different approaches, different resourcing, and different goals (see the inclusion principle).
The primary purpose of assessment is to improve students’ learning and teachers’ teaching as both student and teacher respond to the information that it provides.
With this in mind, schools need to consider how they will gather, analyse, and use assessment information so that it is effective in meeting this purpose.
Assessment for the purpose of improving student learning is best understood as an ongoing process that arises out of the interaction between teaching and learning. It involves the focused and timely gathering, analysis, interpretation, and use of information that can provide evidence of student progress.
Much of this evidence is “of the moment”. Analysis and interpretation often take place in the mind of the teacher, who then uses the insights gained to shape their actions as they continue to work with their students.
Select this link to open a text version of this diagram.
This diagram shows the different groups of people involved in supporting students’ learning and the purposes for which they need assessment information.
Some characteristics of effective assessment
Effective assessment:
Assessment is integral to the teaching inquiry process because it is the basis for both the focusing inquiry and the learning inquiry.
School-wide assessment
Schools need to know what impact their programmes are having on student learning.
An important way of getting this information is by collecting and analysing school-wide assessment data. Schools can then use this information as the basis for changes to policies or programmes or changes to teaching practices as well as for reporting to the board of trustees, parents, and the Ministry of Education.
Assessment information may also be used to compare the relative achievement of different groups of students or to compare the achievement of the school’s students against national standards.
Assessment for national qualifications
The New Zealand Curriculum provides the basis for the ongoing development of achievement standards and unit standards registered on the National Qualifications Framework, which are designed to lead to the award of qualifications in years 11–13. These include the National Certificate of Educational Achievement and other national certificates that schools may choose to offer.
The New Zealand Curriculum, together with the Qualifications Framework, gives schools the flexibility to design and deliver programmes that will engage all students and offer them appropriate learning pathways. The flexibility of the qualifications system also allows schools to keep assessment to levels that are manageable and reasonable for both students and teachers. Not all aspects of the curriculum need to be formally assessed, and excessive high-stakes assessment in years 11–13 is to be avoided.
As students journey from early childhood through secondary school and, in many cases, on to tertiary training or tertiary education in one of its various forms, they should find that each stage of the journey prepares them for and connects well with the next. Schools can design their curriculum so that students find the transitions positive and have a clear sense of continuity and direction.
Early childhood learning
Te Whāriki: He Whāriki Mātauranga mō ngā Mokopuna o Aotearoa
This curriculum for early childhood education provides children with a foundation for ongoing learning. You can download a PDF of the document.
Four principles underpin the Te Whāriki: Empowerment, Holistic Development, Family and Community, and Relationships.
Te Whāriki includes five curriculum strands.
Together, they provide a foundation for lifelong learning.
These strands correspond to the key competencies identified in this document.
Learning in years 1–6
The transition from early childhood education to school is supported when the school:
This new stage in children’s learning builds upon and makes connections with early childhood learning and experiences. Teaching and learning programmes are developed through a wide range of experiences across all learning areas, with a focus on literacy and numeracy along with the development of values and key competencies.
Learning in years 7–10
During these years, students have opportunities to achieve to the best of their abilities across the breadth and depth of the New Zealand Curriculum – values, key competencies, and learning areas – laying a foundation for living and for further learning.
A responsive curriculum will recognise that students in these years are undergoing rapid physical development, becoming increasingly socially aware, and encountering increasingly complex curriculum contexts. Particularly important are positive relationships with adults, opportunities for students to be involved in the community, and authentic learning experiences.
Students’ learning progress is closely linked to their ongoing development of literacy and numeracy skills. These continue to require focused teaching.
The New Zealand Curriculum allows for greater choice and specialisation as students approach the end of their school years and as their ideas about future direction become clearer. Schools recognise and provide for the diverse abilities and aspirations of their senior students in ways that enable them to appreciate and keep open a range of options for future study and work. Students can specialise within learning areas or take courses across or outside learning areas, depending on the choices that their schools are able to offer.
In these years, students gain credits towards a range of recognised qualifications. Schools can extend this range by making it possible for students to participate in programmes or studies offered by workplaces and tertiary institutions. Credits gained in this way can often be later transferred to tertiary qualifications.
The values and key competencies gain increasing significance for senior school students as they appreciate that these are the values and capabilities they will need as adults for successful living and working and for continued learning.
Tertiary education and employment
Tertiary education in its various forms offers students wide-ranging opportunities to pursue an area or areas of particular interest. Some tertiary education focuses on the highly specific skills and discipline knowledge required, for example, by trades, ICT, and health professions. In other cases, the emphasis is on more broadly applicable skills and theoretical understandings, developed and explored in depth, which provide a foundation for knowledge creation.
Tertiary education builds on the values, competencies, discipline knowledge, and qualifications that students have developed or gained during their school years. Recognising the importance of key competencies to success at tertiary level, the sector has identified four as crucial: thinking, using tools interactively, acting autonomously, and operating in social groups. These correspond closely to the five key competencies defined in this document.
In the past, many young people finished all formal learning when they left school. Today, all school leavers, including those who go directly into paid employment, should take every opportunity to continue learning and developing their capabilities. New Zealand needs its young people to be skilled and educated, able to contribute fully to its well-being, and able to meet the changing needs of the workplace and the economy.
This diagram suggests how the tertiary competencies align with those of Te Whāriki and The New Zealand Curriculum:
There have been changes to legislative requirements for school boards.
Please see the information at the top of this page.
There have been changes to legislative requirements for school boards.
Please see the information at the top of this page.
Each board of trustees, through the principal and staff, is required to develop and implement a curriculum for students in years 1–13. The curriculum the Board develops in one:
Each board of trustees, through the principal and staff, is required to provide all students in years 1–10 with effectively taught programmes of learning in:
When designing and reviewing their curriculum, schools select achievement objectives from each area in response to the identified interests and learning needs of their students. For learning in digital technologies, schools need to provide learning opportunities in line with the progress outcomes from the technology learning area.
NOTE: All schools with students in years 7–10 should be working towards offering students opportunities for learning a second or subsequent language. Teaching programmes should be based on the learning languages statement and the achievement objectives for this learning area. Teaching programmes for students in years 11–13 should be based, in the first instance, on the appropriate national curriculum statements.
Each board of trustees, through the principal and staff, is required to:
Each board of trustees, through the principal and staff, is required to implement its curriculum in accordance with the priorities set out in the National Education Goals and the National Administration Guidelines.
These requirements will be confirmed by notice in The New Zealand Gazette.
This diagram shows how curriculum levels typically relate to years at school.
Many students do not, however, fit this pattern. They include those with special learning needs, those who are gifted, and those who come from non- English-speaking backgrounds.
Students learning an additional language are also unlikely to follow the suggested progression: level 1 is the entry level for those with no prior knowledge of the language being learned, regardless of their school year.
The print version of The New Zealand Curriculum has fold out charts that group achievement objectives by level. This format facilitates cross-curricular collaborative planning and assessment.
The achievement objectives are also available in a format that sets them out by levels within learning areas. In some cases this second set of charts provides additional information.
Charts can be downloaded using the links at the bottom of this page.
In health and physical education, the use of the word hauora is based on Mason Durie’s Te Whare Tapa Whā model (Durie, 1994).
Hauora and well-being, though not synonyms, share much common ground. Taha wairua relates to spiritual well-being; taha hinengaro to mental and emotional well-being; taha tinana to physical well-being; and taha whānau to social well-being.
Ko te reo te manawa pou o te Māori,
Ko te ihi te waimanawa o te tangata,
Ko te roimata, ko te hūpē te waiaroha.
Language is the lifeblood of Māori,
The life force and the sacred energy of man.
Tears and mucus are the spiritual expressions of feelings.
Ko tōku nui, tōku wehi, tōku whakatiketike, tōku reo.
My language is my greatness, my inspiration, that which I hold precious.
Ko te reo Māori te kākahu o te whakaaro, te huarahi i te ao tūroa.
The Māori language is the cloak of thought and the pathway to this natural world.
Ko te manu e kai ana i te miro, nōna te ngahere.
Ko te manu e kai ana i te mātauranga, nōna te ao.
The bird that partakes of the miro berry reigns in the forest.
The bird that partakes of the power of knowledge has access to the world.
Ko te reo te mauri o te mana Māori.
Language is the life force of Māori.
Ko te reo te tuakiri
Ko te reo tōku ahurei
Ko te reo te ora.
Language is my identity.
Language is my uniqueness.
Language is life.
Te toi whakairo, ka ihiihi, ka wehiwehi, ka aweawe te ao katoa.
Artistic excellence makes the world sit up in wonder.
He oranga ngākau, he pikinga waiora.
Positive feelings in your heart will enhance your sense of self-worth.
Ko tōu reo, ko tōku reo,
te tuakiri tangata.
Tīhei uriuri, tīhei nakonako.
Your voice and my voice are expressions of identity.
May our descendants live on and our hopes be fulfilled.
Kei hopu tōu ringa ki te aka tāepa,
engari kia mau ki te aka matua.
Cling to the main vine, not the loose one.
Mā te whakaaro nui e hanga te whare;
mā te mātauranga e whakaū.
Big ideas create the house;
knowledge maintains it.
Kaua e rangiruatia te hāpai o te hoe;
e kore tō tātou waka e ū ki uta.
Don’t paddle out of unison;
our canoe will never reach the shore.
The diagram Teaching as Inquiry is based on the work of Drs Graeme Aitken and Claire Sinnema of Auckland University.
The schematic view of The New Zealand Curriculum, Teaching as Inquiry, Key competencies: cross sector alignment, and The Education Act and the curriculum diagrams are by Luke Kelly.
The image in the Vision section and the diagram Use of assessment information are by James Kirkus-Lamont.
The tohu designs associated with each learning area are by Phillip Paea.
The image in the Vision section is used courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center © NASA.
Design of The New Zealand Curriculum publication is by Penelope Newman.
Since it first appeared on the cover of The New Zealand Curriculum Framework in 1993, the nautilus has become a familiar symbol for the New Zealand Curriculum. It reappears in this curriculum with a new look.
The nautilus is a marine animal with a spiral shell.
The shell has as many as thirty chambers lined with nacre (mother-of-pearl). The nautilus creates a new chamber as it outgrows each existing one, the successive chambers forming what is known as a logarithmic spiral.
This kind of spiral appears elsewhere in nature, for example, in sunflower and cauliflower heads, cyclones, and spiral galaxies.
Physician, writer, and poet Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–94) saw the spiral shell of the nautilus as a symbol of intellectual and spiritual growth. He suggested that people outgrew their protective shells and discarded them as they became no longer necessary: “One’s mind, once stretched by a new idea, never regains its original dimensions.”
Here, the nautilus serves as a symbol for the New Zealand Curriculum and is a metaphor for growth.
Updated on: 28 Apr 2023
